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Article History

Received: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Huixia Zhang, Weifeng Tang, Samuel Sadow, Antonella Nadia Tullio, Lauren Hirao, Vitalina Dzutseva, Lee-Jah Chang, Taylor S. Cohen and Michael Gibbs are employees of AstraZeneca and may or may not hold stock in AstraZeneca. Roberta Baronio was previously a consultant for AstraZeneca. Cecil Chi-Keung Chen and Alexandre Kiazand were employees of AstraZeneca at the time of this analysis.

: Before the start of the clinical study, the clinical study protocol, informed consent form, and other relevant documents were submitted to the regulatory authority and institutional review boards for review and approval, in accordance with local regulatory procedures. The protocol was approved by institutional review board Advarra, 6100 Meriweather Drive, Columbia, MD 21044 on 02 November 2021. The study was performed in accordance with ethical principles that had their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki and were consistent with the International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH GCP) guidelines and the AstraZeneca policy on Bioethics and Human Biological Samples.

: All participants provided written informed consent to participate in this study.

: Not applicable.

: Data underlying the findings described in this manuscript may be obtained in accordance with AstraZeneca’s data sharing policy described at . Data for studies directly listed on Vivli can be requested through Vivli at . Data for studies not listed on Vivli could be requested through Vivli at . AstraZeneca Vivli member page is also available outlining further details: .

: Not applicable.

: Conceptualization: TSC, L-JC and MG; Methodology: HZ, WT, RB, SS, ANT, LH, VD, CC-KC, AK, L-JC, TSC, MG; Formal analysis and investigation: HZ, WT, RB, SS, ANT, LH, VD, CC-KC, AK, L-JC, TSC, MG; Writing – original draft preparation: HZ, WT, RB, SS, ANT, LH, and MG; Writing – review and editing: HZ, WT, RB, SS, ANT, LH, VD, CC-KC, AK, L-JC, TSC, MG; Funding acquisition: TSC and L-JC; Resources: TSC, L-JC, and MG; Supervision: AK, TSC, L-JC, and MG. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.