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Article History

Received: 15 January 2026

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 4 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Niven Mehra received consultancy fees from Janssen-Cilag, Bayer, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and MSD and research funding form Janssen-Cilag, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca/Merck, and Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation (all paid to the institute). Diederik M. Somford received consultancy and/or speaker fees from ABX, Accord Healthcare, Blue Earth Diagnostics, Bayer, Ipsen, Janssen, and Mayumana; travel expenses from Bayer and Pfizer; and research funding from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Besins, Blue Earth Diagnostics, Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer (all paid to the institute). Inge M. van Oort received consultancy fees from Bayer, AstraZeneca, Novartis, and MSD and received research funding from Astellas Pharma, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Novartis, and MSD (all paid to the institute). Paul Hamberg received consultancy fees from Astellas Pharma, MSD, Pfizer AstraZeneca, BMS, and Ipsen (all paid to the institute). Nielka P. van Erp has received research funding from Astellas Pharma (all paid to the institute). Catharina J.P. Op ‘t Hoog, Benthe van der Weij, Erik Olofsen, and Emmy Boerrigter have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: The study was approved by the local Medical Research Ethics Committee Oost-Nederland (Nijmegen, the Netherlands) and conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All patients provided written informed consent prior to participating in the study.

: All patients provided written informed consent for publication of the results.

: Data are available on reasonable request from the authors.

: Not applicable.

: NPvE, EB, NM, DMS, IMvO, and PH developed the concept and design of the study. NM, DSM, IMvO, and CJPOtH were responsible for patient recruitment and data acquisition. CJPOtH and BvdW were responsible for data analysis, statistical analysis, and interpretation, supervised by EB and NPvE. CJPOtH and BvdW prepared the manuscript. EB, NPvE, NM, DMS, IMvO, EO, and PH were responsible for critical reviewing the manuscript. All authors gave final approval of the version to be submitted.