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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 19 April 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Mette JF Nielsen, Helene H Hansen Duus, Katrine Kirkeby, Britt W Lauenborg, Benjamin Low and Louise Witten are employees and stockholders of Novo Nordisk A/S. Niels-Peter Becker is a former employee of Novo Nordisk A/S and a current employee of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Viera Kupčová has no conflicts of interest to report. Olivia Svolgaard is an employee of Novo Nordisk A/S.

: Relevant ethics committees approved both study protocols. All participants provided written, informed consent. Both studies were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice, the Declaration of Helsinki and US Food and Drug Administration/European Medicines Agency guidelines for studies in people with renal or hepatic impairment

: All participants provided written, informed consent.

: An authorised researcher can request access to clinical trial study data by submitting a research proposal for review and approval by Novo Nordisk and an internal independent review panel. Requests are usually considered after the research is finished and the main results have been published. If the research supports a regulatory application, requests will be considered after the product, and its intended use are approved in both the EU and the USA. Participants’ clinical data will be anonymised, following an approved internal process, before data are shared to external third parties. For details on how to request access to clinical data, visit novonordisk-trials.com.

: Mette JF Nielsen, Britt W Lauenborg and Viera Kupčová contributed to the design, protocol and conduct of the studies. Olivia Svolgaard contributed to protocol development, conduct of the studies and closing the studies. Helene H Hansen Duus and Katrine Kirkeby were responsible for the statistical analyses. All authors were responsible for data interpretation. All authors had full access to study data, contributed to the drafting and revision of the manuscript and approved the manuscript for submission.