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Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 22 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Claire Jackson is an employee of GSK. Neil A. Miller, Thuy T. Tran and Rebecca H. Graves were employees of GSK at the time this work was completed. Neil A. Miller and Rebecca H. Graves are now employees of Simulations Plus (UK). All authors may hold stock or stock options in their current or former companies.

: All animal studies conducted in the USA were done so according to GSK’s Policy on the Care, Welfare and Treatment of Lab Animals and reviewed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at GSK or by the ethical review process at the institution where the work was performed. Animal studies conducted in the UK were ethically reviewed and carried out in accordance with Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and the GSK Policy on the Care, Welfare, and Treatment of Animals. For clinical studies, all human biological samples were sourced ethically, and their research use was in accord with the terms of the informed consents under an IRB/REC approved protocol. Only combined and anonymised data has been used for the analysis performed in this work.

: All subjects provided their informed consent for the present research as stated above.

: All authors provided their informed consent for publication.

: Material Data sharing was not applicable to this article as no clinical datasets were generated specifically for this manuscript. Input data are provided in the manuscript.

: The commercial PBPK platform GastroPlus® was used, as described in this manuscript.

: Writing, review and editing of the manuscript: CJ, RHG, TTT, NAM. Modelling and simulation: CJ, RHG, TTT, NAM. Research designed: RHG, NAM.