Document is current

Article History

Received: 13 March 2026

Accepted: 28 June 2026

First Online: 22 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: In the last 3 years, Teun van Gelder has received lecture fees and consulting fees from Roche Diagnostics, Thermo Fisher, Otsuka, CSL Behring, Astellas, and MaxyMune Therapeutics. In all cases, money has been transferred to hospital accounts, and none has been paid to his personal bank accounts. Teun van Gelder does not have employment or stock ownership at any of these companies, and neither does he have patents or patent applications. Jesse J. Swen received speaker fees from Lundbeck paid directly to his employer (Leiden University Medical Center). Soufian Meziyerh received speaker fees from Chiesi, paid directly to his employer (Leiden University Medical Center). Aiko P.J. de Vries received lecture and consulting fees from Hansa, Sanofi, Takeda, Memo, and Vunthera; all paid directly to his employer (Leiden University Medical Center). Teun van Gelder and Dirk Jan A.R. Moes are Editorial Board members of Clinical Pharmacokinetics . They were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript or any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Amar D. Levens, Armin Gelinck, and Danny van der Helm have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

Ethics approval: The Medical Ethics Review Committee Leiden Den Haag Delft (METC LDD) reviewed the study protocol and confirmed that it does not fall under the scope of the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). Therefore, obtaining written informed consent was not required (nWMO-D4-2025-005).

Consent to participate: As confirmed by the Medical Ethics Review Committee Leiden Den Haag Delft (METC LDD), this study did not fall under the scope of the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO), and written informed consent was therefore not required (reference: nWMO-D4-2025-005). All kidneys used for transplantation were obtained through the Leiden Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center. No organs or tissues were obtained from prisoners.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Availability of data and material: All analyses underlying the conclusions are described in the article and its supplementary materials. Owing to institutional and ethical restrictions, the datasets generated and/or analyzed in this study are not publicly available; de-identified datasets and the analysis can be obtained from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Scripts were developed in a Dutch clinical context and contain both Dutch and English language elements, reflecting the original data structure.

Code availability: The code is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Author contributions: Concept and design: TVG, DJARM, and ADL; acquisition of data: DvdH and ADL; formal analysis and visualization: ADL, DJARM, and TVG; methodology and validation: ADL, DJARM, AdV, SM, AG, JJS, and TVG; project administration: ADL; supervision: DJARM and TVG; writing (original draft): ADL and TVG; writing (review and editing): ADL, DJARM, JJS, SM, AG, TVG, DvdH, and AdV. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.