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Authors
Yang, Tianwu https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0856-4497
Thastrup, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9950-5911
Masmas, Tania Nicole https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1604-422X
Uhlving, Hilde Hylland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0389-3767
Nersting, Jacob https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-7972
Petersen, Malene Johanne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0531-8531
Rasmussen, Anna Sofie Buhl https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4997-2914
Schmiegelow, Kjeld https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0829-4993
Lund, Trine Meldgaard https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8598-2880
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Københavns Universitet
Rigshospitalet
Copenhagen University
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Article History
Received: 31 March 2026
Accepted: 25 August 2026
First Online: 22 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission was obtained from the Team for Journal Data (R-24059676), Research Ethics and Research Support, Capital Region of Denmark, to access and process relevant patient health information and other confidential personal data from medical records for research purposes without obtaining individual informed consent from the included patients or their legal guardians. Data from the University Medical Centre Utrecht and the Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, both in Utrecht, the Netherlands, have been shared for validation purposes upon reasonable request by C.A. Lindemans, R. Admiraal and T. Bognar. The Dutch data were sampled after ethical committee approval under number 11/063-k by the Medical Ethical Committee in Utrecht.
Conflicts of interest: Kjeld Schmiegelow received speaker and/or Advisory Board Honoraria from Illumina (2021), Jazz Pharmaceuticals (2021, 2023) and Servier (2021, 2023, 2025). Kjeld Schmiegelow received speaker fees from Amgen (2021, 2023, 2025) and Medscape (2021), educational grants from Servier (2021, 2023, 2025) and SERB (2025), and research grants from Novo Nordisk Foundation (2020, 2022). Kjeld Schmiegelow has stocks in Novo Nordisk. All other authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Availability of data and material: Due to GDPR and institutional privacy regulations, the clinical data underlying this study cannot be made publicly available. However, the data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Author contributions: T.Y., M.T., K.S., and T.M.L. conceptualised the study. T.Y., M.T., T.N.M., H.H.U., J.N., M.J.P., R.A., and A.S.B.R. curated the data. T.Y. performed the formal analysis, developed the methodology and software, validated and visualised the data, and wrote the original draft of the manuscript. M.T., T.N.M., H.H.U., J.N., M.J.P., A.S.B.R., K.S., and T.M.L. provided resources and reviewed and edited the manuscript. K.S. and T.M.L. acquired the funding, administered the project, and supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research is funded by the University of Copenhagen and the Copenhagen University Hospital.
Consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Code availability: The code is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
