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Article History

First Online: 17 January 2020

Compliance with Ethical Standards

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: This study was funded by Alkermes Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA) and Biogen (Cambridge, MA, USA). The open access fee was funded by Biogen.

: Robert T. Naismith received compensation as an advisor, consultant, or speaker for Alexion, Alkermes, Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, TG Therapeutics, and Viela Bio. Annette Wundes received research support from AbbVie, Alkermes, and Biogen, and compensation as an advisor from Biogen. Tiaf Ziemssen received fees for participation in scientific advisory boards from Bayer, Biogen Idec, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Synthon, and Teva; speaker honorarium from Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva; and research support from Bayer, Biogen, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva. Elzbieta Jasinska received fees for participation in scientific advisory boards from Biogen and speaker honoraria from Adamed, Allergan, Hoffman-La Roche, Krka, Novartis, Polpharma, and Teva. Mark S. Freedman received research or educational grants from Genzyme Canada; honoraria or consultation fees from Actelion, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chugai, EMD Serono Canada, Hoffman-La Roche, Merck Serono, Novartis, PendoPharm, Sanofi-Aventis, and Sanofi Genzyme; participated as a member in a company advisory board, board of directors, or other similar group for Actelion, Bayer, Biogen, Clene, Hoffman-La Roche, MedDay, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Sanofi-Aventis; and served on a company-sponsored speaker’s bureau for Sanofi Genzyme. Anthony J. Lembo received fees for participation in scientific advisory boards from Bayer, Biogen Idec, Ironwood, Salix, Shire, and Takeda. Krzysztof Selmaj received consulting fees from Genzyme, Novartis, Ono, Roche, Synthon, and Teva, and speaker fees from Biogen. Ilda Bidollari, Richard Leigh-Pemberton, Maria Lopez-Bresnahan, and David Rezendes are employees of and hold stock/stock options in Alkermes. Hailu Chen, Jerome Hanna, Jennifer Lyons, and Catherine Miller are employees of and hold stock/stock options in Biogen. Jerry S. Wolinsky received compensation for consulting, scientific advisory boards, or other activities with AbbVie, Acorda Therapeutics, Alkermes, Brain Cell Therapeutics, Celgene (Exp 11 2019), Clene Nanomedicine, EMD Serono, Forward Pharma, GeNeuro, GW Pharma, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, NervGen Pharma Corp., Novartis, Otsuka, PTC Therapeutics, Roche/Genentech, and Sanofi Genzyme; compensation for CME activities with AcademicCME, PlatformQ Health Education, PRIME, and Strategic Consultants Intl.; and royalties for out-licensed monoclonal antibodies through UTHealth from Millipore Corporation.

: The study was approved by central and local ethics committees and conducted in accordance with the International Council on Harmonisation Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All patients in EVOLVE-MS-2 provided written informed consent prior to study participation.