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Article History

Accepted: 15 September 2020

First Online: 3 October 2020

Declarations

:

: This study was partially funded by the Early Career Scheme, Research Grants Council, Hong Kong (project reference 789813) received by Esther W. Chan. The funders had no role in the design, analysis, interpretation, or publication of this study.

: All authors declare that no other support has been received from any organization for the submitted work; no other financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted study. KSJL was formerly employed by the University of Hong Kong where the majority of the work was completed, and is currently employed by Merck Sharp & Dohme China at submission. EWC has received research grants from the Research Grants Council, Hong Kong, Narcotics Division of the Security Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR, Research Fund Secretariat of the Food and Health Bureau, National Natural Science Fund of China, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC, Australia), Wellcome Trust, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Amgen, and Takeda, outside the submitted work. ICKW received grants from the Research Grants Council (RGC, Hong Kong), Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), Shire, Janssen-Cilag, Eli-Lily, Pfizer, Bayer, European Union FP7 program. IW is a member of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) ADHD Guideline Group, the British Association for Psychopharmacology ADHD guideline group, and advisor to Shire. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.

: Research ethics approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of The University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority HKWC (Reference Number: UW 15-619).

: This is a retrospective observational study based on unidentified data. Waiver of patient consent was approved by the ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: No additional data available.

: KSJL, ICKW, and EWC had the original idea for the study and contributed to the development of the idea and study design. KSJL and LL conducted the literature search. KSJL wrote the first draft of the study protocol. KSJL retrieved data and undertook the analysis. JZ independently cross-checked all the analyses and results. KSJL, JZ, JEB, ICKW, and EWC contributed to interpretation of the analyses. KSJL wrote the first draft of the paper. KSJL, JZ, ICKW, JEB, and EWC critically reviewed the results and the manuscript. FMCB, WCC, and DJC reviewed the data, the presentation of the paper, and provided clinical input. KSJL, ICKW, and EWC provided oversight to all aspects of this project. KSJL and EWC are the guarantors. All authors had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of data analysis.