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Article History

Accepted: 9 January 2022

First Online: 14 February 2022

Declarations

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: The University of Alberta funded open access publication of this article. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest related to this work. In the past 36 months, the authors disclose the following: JS has accepted speaker and/or consulting fees from Allergan/AbbVie, Bausch, Janssen, Eisai, Lundbeck, Otsuka, ICRE, and Sunovion, has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Eisai and Janssen, and the Newly Institute, and owns stock or stock options in the Newly Institute. LK has accepted speaker and/consulting fees from Allergan, Biron, BMS, Elvium, Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Sunovion, Takeda, Tilray, the Canadian Psychiatric Association, and the International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP), and has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Allergan, Biron, BMS, Elvium, Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Sunovion, Takeda, and Tilray. SB has accepted speaker and/or consulting fees from Janssen-Ortho, Shire, Purdue, Otsuka, Pfizer, and Lundbeck, and has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Janssen-Ortho, Shire, Purdue, and Otsuka. PC has received grants from Allergan, Janssen, Takeda, and Telus, and has accepted speaker and/or consulting fees from Allergan, Lundbeck, Janssen, Otsuka, Purdue, Sunovion, and Takeda. MK has received grants from AbbVie, Aleafia, Biron, Canopy, Lundbeck, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Takeda, and has accepted speaker and/or consulting fees from AbbVie, Aleafia Cannabis, Allergan, Bausch Health, Biron, Canopy, Eisai, Elvium, Empower Cannabis, Lundbeck, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Merck, Otsuka, Pfizer, Purdue, Sante Cannabis, Shire, Sunovion, Takeda, and Tilray. RT has received grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), SUAP Health Canada, Alberta Innovates, and CAN Health Network, has accepted speaker and/or consulting fees from Master Clinician Alliance, has a leadership or fiduciary role in the Pain Society of Alberta and the Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine, owns stocks or stock options in the Newly Institute, and is the Chief Medical Officer of the Newly Institute. AK has accepted speaker and/or consulting fees from Lundbeck, Otsuka, Sunovion, Eisai, Elvium, Bausch, Purdue, AbbVie, Spectrum, Tilray, and Pfizer, has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Eisai, Sunovion, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Bausch, Purdue, AbbVie, Spectrum, Tilray, and the Newly Institute, and owns stock or stock options in the Newly Institute.

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: JS and AK conceptualized the idea for this article and contributed to the literature search and writing of the manuscript. JS, AK, LK, SB, PC, MK, and RT contributed to the outline of the paper, critical evaluation of and application of the relevant literature identified, manuscript revisions, and recommendations made for clinical practice. All authors approved the manuscript for submission and are accountable for this work.