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Article History

Accepted: 29 August 2023

First Online: 23 September 2023

Declarations

:

: No sources of funding were used to conduct this study or prepare this article.

: Luca Prosperini, Shalom Haggiag, Serena Ruggieri, Carla Tortorella and Claudio Gasperini have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. Financial disclosure (outside this work): Luca Prosperini: consulting fees and/or speaker honoraria from Biogen, Celgene, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis and Teva; travel grants from Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis and Teva and research grants from the Italian MS Society (Associazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla) and Genzyme. Carla Tortorella: honoraria for speaking and travel grants from Biogen, Sanofi-Aventis, Merck Serono, Bayer-Schering, Teva, Genzyme, Almirall and Novartis. Shalom Haggiag: travel funding and/or speaker honoraria from Biogen, Roche, Genzyme, Novartis, CSL Behring. Serena Ruggieri: personal fees and non-financial support from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis, and Teva. Claudio Gasperini: fees as invited speaker or travel expenses for attending meeting from Biogen, Merck-Serono, Teva, Sanofi, Novartis, Genzyme.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available in the supplementary information.

: Not applicable.

: Conception and design of the study, drafting a significant portion of the manuscript/figures: LP, SH, SR. Acquisition and analysis of data, revision of manuscript content: LP, SR, CT. Supervision and drafting the final version of the manuscript: LP, CT, CG. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.