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Article History

Accepted: 11 July 2024

First Online: 1 August 2024

Declarations

:

: The study was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (grant No 2019-01408, AS), Region Stockholm (ALF Medicine; grant nos. 20190379 and RS2020-0731, AS), Karolinska Institutet (KID funding; grant no. 2021-00505, AS, and research funding; grant no. FS-2022:0010, AS). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Prof Mataix-Cols receives royalties for contributing articles to UpToDate, Inc, and is part owner of Scandinavian E-Health AB, all outside the submitted work. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this work.

: The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (reference number 2020-06540).

: The requirement for informed consent was waived because the study is register-based, and all individual data were de-identified.

: Not applicable.

: Sharing individual-level data are restricted by Swedish data protection laws, therefore the data underlying our findings cannot be made publicly accessible. The data for this study were made available to the authors by ethical approval and were sourced from several registers held by the Swedish governmental agencies. For data access inquiries, the researchers may apply through the Swedish Ethical Review Authority () and the primary data owners as the National Board of Health and Welfare () and Statistics Sweden (), in accordance with Swedish law.

: The code used for analyses are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Conceptualization and methodology: AS, DMC, XW, and KI. Formal analysis: XW. Interpretation of data and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors. Original draft preparation: AS and XW. Funding acquisition: AS. Supervision: AS, DMC, ZC, and NJ-L. Final manuscript approval: all authors. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript, and agree to be accountable for the work.