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Article History

Accepted: 8 January 2025

First Online: 15 February 2025

Declarations

:

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. There is no funding to report.

: A. Strzelczyk has received personal fees and grants from Angelini Pharma, Biocodex, Desitin Arzneimittel, Eisai, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Longboard, Neuraxpharm, Takeda, UCB Pharma and UNEEG Medical. F. von Podewils received personal fees and grants from Angelini Pharma, Desitin Arzneimittel, Eisai, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, UCB Pharma, Nutricia Milupa GmbH, Neuraxpharm and Bial. H.M. Hamer has served on the scientific advisory board of Angelini, UniQure, Eisai, GW/Jazz and UCB Pharma. He served on the speakers’ bureau of or received unrestricted grants from Angelini, Ad-Tech, Alnylam, Bracco, Desitin, Eisai, Jazz, LivaNova, Nihon Kohden, Pfizer and UCB Pharma. S. Knake received speakers’ honoraria from Bial, Destin Arzneimittel, Eisai, Jazz Pharma, Merck Serono and UCB. F. Rosenow has received personal fees from Angelini Pharma, Desitin Arzneimittel, Eisai GmbH, Jazz Pharma, Roche Pharma, Stoke Therapeutics and UCB Pharma and grants from the Detlev-Wrobel-Fonds for Epilepsy Research, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the LOEWE Programme of the State of Hesse and the European Union. K.A. Klotz received speakers’ honoraria from Biocodex, Desitin Arzneimittel, Eisai, Jazz Pharmaceuticals and UCB Pharma. G. Kurlemann received speakers’ honoraria from Angelini Pharma, Desitin Arzneimittel, Eisai, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, UCB Pharma, Neuraxpharm, Stada Arzneimittel, Precisis GmbH and Alexion Pharmaceuticals. N. Melzer has received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Biogen Idec, GlaxoSmith Kline, Teva, Novartis Pharma, Bayer Healthcare, Genzyme, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Fresenius Medical Care, Diamed, UCB Pharma, AngeliniPharma, Bial and Sanofi-Aventis; has received royalties for consulting from UCB Pharma, Alexion Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi-Aventis; and has received financial research support from Euroimmun, Fresenius Medical Care, Diamed, Alexion Pharmaceuticals and Novartis Pharma. C. Mann reports speakers’ honoraria and travel support from UCB, outside of the submitted work. C.M. was supported by the Emmy Klieneberger-Nobel grant from the medical faculty of the Goethe University Frankfurt for female scientists. J.P. Zöllner has received speakers’ honoraria and travel support from Danone and Desitin Arzneimittel. B. Gaida has received speakers’ honoraria from UCB-Pharma. I. Immisch received personal fees from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Precisis and Angelini Pharma. L. Kämppi reports speakers’ honoraria from UCB, Angelini Pharma and Sobi; congress/travel support from UCB and Angelini Pharma; and personal grants from the Academy of Finland, Finnish Cultural Foundation and HUS Neurocenter. A. Brunklaus has received honoraria for presenting at educational events, advisory boards and consultancy work for Biocodex, Encoded Therapeutics, Jazz/GW Pharma, Servier, Stoke Therapeutics and UCB/Zogenix. S. Schubert-Bast has received personal fees and grants from Angelini Pharma, Biocodex, Desitin Arzneimittel, Eisai, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Marinus, Takeda and UCB Pharma. E. Buhleier, L.M. Willems, J. Cuny and D. Bellaire do not report any conflicts of interest.

: Ethics committee approval was obtained.

: Consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.

: Not applicable.

: The data of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: A.S., F.R. and S.S.B. developed the idea for this study. A.S., F.v.P., H.M.H., S.K., F.R., K.A.K., G.K., N.M., E.B., C.M., L.M.W., J.P.Z., B.G., J.C., D.B., I.I. and S.S.B. participated in the recruitment of patients and data collection. A.S. supervised the study. A.S. and S.S.B. conceived the paper and performed the statistical analysis. A.S., E.B. and L.M.W. created the charts and figures. A.S., F.v.P., H.M.H., S.K., F.R., K.A.K., G.K., N.M., E.B., C.M., L.M.W., J.P.Z., B.G., J.C., D.B., I.I., L.K., A.B. and S.S.B. wrote the paper, discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. All authors have read and approve the final submitted manuscript, and agree to be accountable for the work.