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Article History

Accepted: 16 January 2025

First Online: 15 February 2025

Declarations

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: No external funding was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

: S.M.M.B. reports leadership or fiduciary roles in various organizations, including the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (Osaka, Japan) as Visiting Director (2023–2025); Rotary District 9675 (Sydney, Australia) as District Chair for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion; the Global Health and Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany) as chair, founding member, and manager; and editorial board memberships at PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, and BMC Medical Research Methodology. Additionally, S.M.M.B. serves as a member of the College of Reviewers for the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada; Director of Research for the World Headache Society (Bengaluru, India); a member of the Scientific Review Committee at Cardiff University Biobank (Cardiff, UK); and as an expert adviser/reviewer for the Cariplo Foundation (Milan, Italy). These roles are unrelated to the submitted work. T.N.N. reports being associate editor of Stroke and on advisory board Brainomix, Aruna Bio. All other authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript. The funding body had no influence on the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of findings, or manuscript preparation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the affiliated or funding organizations.

: S.M.M.B. conceived the study; contributed to the planning, drafting, and revision of the manuscript; and supervised Global Health Neurology Lab team members. S.M.M.B. encouraged R.B. to investigate and supervised the findings of this work. R.B. and S.M.M.B. wrote the first draft of this paper. All authors (R.B., T.W., K.Z., B.B.H., M.I., M.C.K., R.G.B., M.G., A.S., D.K., P.J., T.N.N., and S.M.M.B.) contributed to the overall discussion on the design and findings of the study and the revision of the manuscript. All authors approved the final draft.

: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article and online Supplementary Information, and further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

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