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Article History

Accepted: 6 February 2025

First Online: 20 February 2025

Declarations

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: Dr. Mariely Hernandez is a postdoctoral fellow whose salary is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; T32DA007294-MPI—Frances R. Levin and Diana Martinez). This research was also supported by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (5R25DA035161; multiple principle investigators [PIs]: Ruglass and Hien). The funder had no role in the design of the review, in the collection or interpretation of the literature, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the manuscript. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Drug Abuse.

: Dr. Levin receives grant support from the NIDA, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), SAMHSA, and US World Meds and research support from Aelis Pharmaceuticals. She also receives medication from Indivior for research and royalties from APA Publishing. She serves on the National Advisory Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. In addition, Dr. Levin served as a nonpaid member of a Scientific Advisory Board for Alkermes, Atai Life Science, Boehringer Ingelheim, Indivior, Novartis, Teva, and US WorldMeds and is a consultant to Major League Baseball. Dr. Hernandez and Dr. Campbell do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose.

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: Mariely Hernandez: intellectual content development and writing; Frances R. Levin: conception and development, interpretation of data, critical review, and revisions; and Aimee N.C. Campbell: substantial revisions and critical review. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for this work.