Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 26 June 2025

First Online: 18 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors report no funding relevant to this review.

: Julia Li has nothing to disclose. Nandita Vas has nothing to disclose. Lilyana Amezcua has research support from NIH NINDS, Bristol Myer Squibb Foundation, and Race to Erase MS Foundation. She is a local PI for commercial trials funded by Genentech and Sanofi, Genzyme, and reports consulting fees from Biogen Idec, Novartis, Genentech, Alexion, TGI therapeutics, and EMD Serono. Dalia Rotstein has research support from MS Canada, the National MS Society, University of Toronto Division of Neurology, Guthy Jackson Foundation, Peter and Susan Gordon, and Amgen. She is a local PI for a study funded by Alexion. She has received consulting or speaker fees from Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, and Roche.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: J.L.: literature review, writing, and draft revision. N.V.: literature review, writing, and draft revision. L.A.: conceptualization and draft revision. D.R.: conceptualization, literature search, writing, and draft revision.