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Article History

Accepted: 26 June 2025

First Online: 23 July 2025

Declarations

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: The open access fee was funded by the German DEAL agreement. Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., a Johnson & Johson company, funded this study through an unrestricted educational grant. The sponsor had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: C.U. Correll has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from AbbVie, Acadia, Adock Ingram, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Aristo, Biogen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Cardio Diagnostics, Cerevel, CNX Therapeutics, Compass Pathways, Darnitsa, Delpor, Denovo, Eli Lilly, Gedeon Richter, Hikma, Holmusk, IntraCellular Therapies, Jamjoom Pharma, Janssen/J&J, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedInCell, MedLink, Merck, Mindpax, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Maplight, Mylan, Neumora Therapeutics, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Newron, Noven, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, PPD Biotech, Recordati, Relmada, Reviva, Rovi, Sage, Saladax, Sanofi, Seqirus, SK Life Science, Sumitomo Pharma America, Sunovion, Sun Pharma, Supernus, Tabuk, Takeda, Teva, Terran, Tolmar, Vertex, Viatris, and Xenon Pharmaceuticals. He provided expert testimony for Janssen, Lundbeck, and Otsuka. He served on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Compass Pathways, Denovo, IntraCellular Therapies, Lundbeck, Relmada, Reviva, Rovi, Supernus, and Teva. He has received grant support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen, and Takeda. He received royalties from UpToDate and is also a stock option holder of Cardio Diagnostics, Kuleon Biosciences, LB Pharma, Medlink, Mindpax, Quantic, Terran.

: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Christoph U. Correll was involved in manuscript conception and design; read, critically reviewed, and revised the work; approved the final submitted manuscript, and agrees to be accountable for the work.