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Article History

Accepted: 31 July 2025

First Online: 14 September 2025

Declarations

:

: M.B. has received grants from Meat and Livestock Board, Woolworths, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Glaxo SmithKline, Organon, Novartis, Mayne Pharma and Servier; received speaker support from Lundbeck, Controversias Barcelona, Servier, Medisquire, Janssen, Medplan, Abbott India, Sandoz, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Glaxo SmithKline, Pfizer, Sanofi-Synthelabo Solvay and Wyeth and consulted to Milken Institute, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Bioadvantex, Merck, Glaxo SmithKline, Lundbeck, Janssen, Cilag, and Servier. M.B. is an Editorial Board member of CNS Drugs. M.B. was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Other authors have no interests to declare.

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. M.B. is supported by a NHMRC Leadership 3 Investigator grant (GNT2017131) and J.H.K. is supported by an ARC Future Fellowship (FT220100351). No funding was received for the preparation of this article. Open access publication was supported by a Read and Publish agreement held by UNSW.

: Not applicable.

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: R.M.: conceptualisation and writing—original draft, review and editing. M.B.: writing—original draft text on neuro-inflammation and neurotoxicity, review and editing, and supervision. J.H.K.: visualisation and writing—review and editing. A.T.: writing—review and editing. All authors have read and approved the final submitted manuscript and agree to be accountable for the work.