Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 May 2025

Accepted: 6 August 2025

First Online: 20 August 2025

Declarations

:

: In the last 3 years, C.U. Correll has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from: AbbVie, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Aristo, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Cardio Diagnostics, Cerevel, CNX Therapeutics, Compass Pathways, Darnitsa, Delpor, Denovo, Eli Lilly, Eumentis Therapeutics, Gedeon Richter, Hikma, Holmusk, IntraCellular Therapies, Jamjoom Pharma, Janssen/J&J, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedInCell, MedLink, Merck, Mindpax, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Maplight, Mylan, Neumora Therapeutics, Neuraxpharm, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Newron, Noven, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, PPD Biotech, Recordati, Relmada, Reviva, Rovi, Saladax, Sanofi, Seqirus, Servier, Sumitomo Pharma America, Sunovion, Sun Pharma, Supernus, Tabuk, Takeda, Teva, Terran, Tolmar, Vertex, Viatris and Xenon Pharmaceuticals; he provided expert testimony for Janssen, Lundbeck, and Otsuka. He served on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Compass Pathways, IntraCellular Therapies, Relmada, Reviva, and Rovi; he has received grant support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen, and Takeda. He received royalties from UpToDate and is also a stock option holder of Cardio Diagnostics, Kuleon Biosciences, LB Pharma, Medlink, Mindpax, Quantic, and Terran. In the last 3 years, S.L. has received honoraria for advising/consulting and/or for lectures and/or for educational material from Angelini, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eisai, Ekademia, Gedeon Richter, Janssen, Karuna, Kynexis, Lundbeck, Medichem, Medscape, Mitsubishi, Otsuka, NovoNordisk, Recordati, Rovi, and Teva. H.W. is currently an employee of Elsevier in the role of senior editor for The Lancet Public Health. Her contribution happened before she was employed by Elsevier and she had no role in the editorial evaluation, peer-review process or decision to accept the article. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

: The full dataset is available from the study authors upon reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This meta-analysis was conducted within the framework of a larger project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, grant no. 468853597). Xiao Lin receives support from The China Scholarship Council PhD program (file no. 202208310049). Publication fee is covered by institutional funding by Technical University of Munich. None of the funding institutions contributed to the study design, data analysis, manuscript writing, or the decision to submit the paper for publication.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Code is available from the corresponding author upon request.

: S.L., S.S., J.S.T., and X.L. designed the review; S.L., H.W., S.S., X.L., J.T., and M.Q. were responsible for the literature search, article screening, and data extraction; X.L. conducted the statistical analysis under the guidance of J.S.T. and S.S; and X.L., J.S.T., and S.L. drafted the article. All authors critically revised the article for important intellectual content and approved the final version submitted for publication.