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Article History

Received: 19 January 2025

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 23 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Hsin-Yu Chen, Wei-Kai Lee, Yao-Min Hung, Der-Yang Cho, Renin Chang, Cheuk-Kwan Sun, and Jin-Shuen Chen declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: All data associated with this study are included in the manuscript or uploaded as online supplementary information. The dataset used in this study is administrated by the Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare and therefore cannot be made available publicly. Researchers interested in accessing this dataset can request access by submitting a formal request to the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Postal address No. 488, Section 6, Zhongxiao E Rd, Nan-gang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan; website: DOS/cp-2516-3591-113.html).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All authors were involved in manuscript drafting or revision of the article, and all authors approved the final version to be published. Study design and conception: H.Y. Chen and R. Chang. Acquisition of data: D.Y. Cho. Analysis and interpretation of data: H.Y. Chen, W.K. Lee, Y.M. Hung, D.Y. Cho, R. Chang, C.K. Sun, and J.S. Chen. Writing (original draft preparation): H.Y. Chen, C.K. Sun, and W.K. Lee. Writing (review and editing): R. Chang, C.K. Sun, and J.S. Chen.