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Article History

Received: 5 April 2025

Accepted: 23 September 2025

First Online: 10 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The “Società Italiana per lo Studio delle Cefalee” (SISC) is acknowledged for the “Registro Italiano delle Cefalee (RICe).” All institutions and authors provided written permission to be included. All the questionnaires and data are used for non-commercial purposes and a free license agreement has been obtained if needed. Figure was created with Biorender.com.

: Data supporting the findings in the present study are reported in the article and in the supplementary materials. The data collected and analyzed for the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: L.F.I. received financial support, consulting fees for the participation in advisory boards and support for attending meetings from: Teva, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and AbbVie; he is associate editor for Frontiers in Neurology Headache and Neurogenic Pain section. F.V. has received financial support from Allergan-AbbVie, Angelini, and Lundbeck for investigator-initiated trials; consulting fees for the participation in advisory boards from AbbVie, Angelini, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Organon, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva; honoraria for scientific lectures and presentations from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, and Teva; support for attending meetings from Abbvie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and Teva; he has been principal investigator in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and Teva; he is co-specialty editor for Frontiers in Neurology Headache and Neurogenic Pain section. S.G. has received fees and honoraria for advisory boards, speaker panels, or clinical investigation studies from Novartis, Teva, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Lundbeck, Angelini, and AbbVie. C.A. is associate editor for Frontiers of Human Neuroscience and Frontiers in Neurology Headache and Neurogenic Pain section; she received travel grants and/or personal fees for advisory boards and speaker panels, from Novartis, Eli-Lilly, Lundbeck, Teva, Lusofarmaco, Laborest, Abbvie/Allergan, Almirall, and Pfizer. Other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: The local Ethics committee approved the study as part of the Registro Italiano Cefalee (RICe) study (Studio RICe, 14591_oss CEAVC Studio RICe, 14591_oss and subsequent amendments).

: All patients written an informed consent before the enrollment in the study.

: Not applicable.