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Article History

Received: 20 March 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: No conflicts of interest exist, neither financial nor personal between the individual authors or the organization and the study subject to bias the outcome of the results. MV has, within the last 3 years, received honoraria from Eli Lilly, Lundbeck Pharma, and Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Roger S. McIntyre has received research grant support from CIHR/GACD/National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the Milken Institute; and speaker/consultation fees from Lundbeck, Hanssen, Alkermes, Neumora Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sage, Biogen, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Purdue, Pfizer, Otsuka, Takeda, Neurocrine, Neurawell, Sunovion, Bausch Health, Axsome, Novo Nordisk, Kris, Sanofi, Eisai, Intracellular, NewBridge Pharmaceuticals, Viatris, Abbvie, and Atai Life sciences.

: All data analyzed for this study have been published in this article.

: MV and MG conceived and designed the study and drafted the protocol and the first draft. CW and RM contributed to the conception and design and to revising the following versions. MG and CW undertook data management, searching, screening, and extraction. All authors contributed substantially to the first draft, reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript, and agree to be accountable for the work.