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Article History

Received: 21 June 2025

Accepted: 23 November 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Dr. Vinokur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schwenk has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alabad has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hamilton has nothing to disclose. Within the past 24 months, Dr. Yuan has received funding from the American Headache Society; institutional support for serving as an investigator from Teva, AbbVie, Ipsen, Parema, Shiratronics, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, and Lundbeck; consultant/advisory board fees from Salvia, Pfizer, AbbVie, and Cerenovus; and royalties from Cambridge University Press and MedLink Neurology. Dr. Fallon has nothing to disclose. Within the last 24 months, Dr. Marmura has received honoraria for consultations from Lundbeck. He has received research funding for his role as principal investigator from Teva, Lundbeck, and AbbVie.

: Marianna Vinokur: Conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, formal analysis, validation, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Eric Schwenk: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, supervision, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Sawsan Alabad: Data curation, investigation, methodology, and writing—review and editing. Winston Hamilton: Data curation, investigation, methodology, and writing—review and editing. Hsiangkuo Yuan: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, supervision, validation, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Samuel Fallon: Data curation, investigation, and writing—review and editing. Michael Marmura: Conceptualization, data curation, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, validation, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. All authors have read and approve the final submitted manuscript, and agree to be accountable for the work presented here.

: Data are available upon reasonable request.

: This study was approved by the Thomas Jefferson University institutional review board on April 22, 2021 (Control #21D.412). All patients provided written informed consent. This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments, with the exception that this study was not registered due to its observational design.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study via either telephone or in person screening. All participants signed written consents prior to study participation. All signed written consent records are stored in Thomas Jefferson University Hospital.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.