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Article History

Received: 28 September 2025

Accepted: 21 December 2025

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Data are available on reasonable request, subject to restrictions imposed by patient confidentiality.

: Ethics approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’ (reference no. 11222/20), and subsequently the study was authorized by the Ethics Committee of all participating centers.

: All participants included in the study gave written informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: GA: payment or honoraria for speaking and/or support for meeting attendance and/or travel from Roche, Novartis, Merck, and Janssen-Cilag. MF: reports grants from Roche SpA, Novartis Pharma, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck, Biogen, and Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene; served as a scientific consultant for Roche SpA and Novartis Pharma. SB: payment or honoraria for speaking and/or support for meeting attendance and/or travel from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Merck-Serono, Alexion, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Viatris. MI: received grants from NIH, NMSS, and DISM; received consultation fees from Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Biogen, and Novartis. MCe: received personal compensation from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva, and consulting fees from Zambon. LL: payment or honoraria for speaking and/or support for meeting attendance and/or travel from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Merck-Serono, Alexion, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Viatris. LM: reports speaking honoraria from Roche and Novartis. ET: reports economic support for congress speaking, travel, and meeting attendance from Amgen, Roche, Novartis Pharma, Sanofi Genzyme, Merck, Biogen, and Bristol Myers Squibb; served as a scientific consultant for Alexion, Biogen, and Novartis Pharma. DF: has received travel grants and/or honoraria for speaking/advisory boards from Alexion, Binding Site, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. SG: has received an unrestricted grant by Roche; received speaker fees, travel support and/or served on advisory boards of Novartis, Amgen, Janssen, Sanofi Genzyme, and Juvise Pharmaceuticals. All other authors declare no competing interests.

: GA and MF conceived and designed the study, curated data, performed formal analyses and visualization, and drafted the manuscript. SB contributed to study conception and design, provided methodological oversight, supervised the project, and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. SB is the guarantor. DM, FB, ES, AZ, MCe, RC, LE, VT, SS, GR, MRi, EL, AMa, SG, MRp, MV, GSc, PR, AS, SMa, CG, LM, ALu, GL, FR, MCo, GM, MVa, SMo, AMr, MGP, ASu, ET, EC, AF, DF, RF, LL, ED, AG, PC, MCa, and MI acquired clinical data and/or recruited participants, contributed to data curation and interpretation, and reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors approved the final version and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.