Document is current

Article History

Received: 27 September 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 19 February 2026

Declarations

:

: IS has served on scientific advisory boards for BioMarin, Chiesi, Eisai, Encoded Therapeutics, GSK, Knopp Biosciences, Nutricia, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, and Longboard Pharmaceuticals; has received speaker honoraria from GSK, UCB, BioMarin, Biocodex, Chiesi, Liva Nova, Nutricia, Zuellig Pharma, Stoke Therapeutics, Eisai, Akumentis, and Praxis; has received funding for travel from UCB, Biocodex, GlaxoSmithKline, Biomarin, Encoded Therapeutics, Stoke Therapeutics, Eisai, Longboard Pharmaceuticals; has served as an investigator for Anavex Life Sciences, Cerevel Therapeutics, Eisai, Encoded Therapeutics, EpiMinder Inc, Epygenyx, ES-Therapeutics, GW Pharma, Longboard Pharmaceuticals, Marinus, Neurocrine BioSciences, Ovid Therapeutics, SK Life Science, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Ultragenyx, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Zogenix, and Zynerba; has consulted for Care Beyond Diagnosis, Epilepsy Consortium, Atheneum Partners, Ovid Therapeutics, UCB, Zynerba Pharmaceuticals, BioMarin, Encoded Therapeutics, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Stoke Therapeutics, and Praxis; and is a Non-Executive Director of Bellberry Ltd and a Director of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences. She might accrue future revenue on pending patent WO61/010176 (filed in 2008): Therapeutic Compound; has a patent for SCN1A testing held by Bionomics and licensed to various diagnostic companies; and has a patent molecular diagnostic/theranostic target for benign familial infantile epilepsy [PRRT2] 2011904493 and 2012900190 and PCT/AU2012/001321 (TECH ID: 2012-009). SB has served on scientific advisory boards for Biocodex and Longboard Pharmaceuticals and has received speaker honoraria from Angelini, Biocodex, Eisai, Lusofarmaco, and Jazz Pharma.

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: SB contributed to conceptualisation and literature search and drafted the manuscript. IS contributed to conceptualisation, and critically revised and synthesised the evidence. Both authors have read and approve the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for the work.