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Article History

Received: 18 October 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This article was supported by funding from the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (GC-201808-2016354) and Weston Brain Institute (CT190002). Tiffany J. Pan and Hui Jue Wang were supported by Canada Graduate Scholarship-Master’s, Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and SCACE Graduate Fellowship in Alzheimer’s Research and KLL by the Bernick Chair in Geriatric Psychopharmacology. None of the funding agencies contributed to the study design, data analysis, manuscript writing, and publication decisions of this work.

: Tiffany J. Pan, Hui Jue Wang, Almira Siddiqui, Divya Kurumala, Myuri Ruthirakuhan, Walter Swardfager, and Giovanni Marotta have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. Krista L. Lanctôt has received grants from the Alzheimer’s Association (PTCG-20–700751), Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (GC-201808–2016354), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT 183584, PJ2-179753, PJ8 169698, CNA 163902, PJT153079), and Weston Brain Institute (CT190002) and consulting fees from Eisai, Exciva, Gilde Healthcare Partners B.V., H Lundbeck A/S, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, and Praxis Therapeutics.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable as this is a review article based on published data.

: The code is available from the authors upon request.

: TJP, HJW, AS, MR, and KLL designed the review; TJP conducted the literature search; TJP, HJW, AS, and DK were responsible for study screening, data extraction, and risk of bias analyses; TJP conducted the statistical analysis under the guidance of HJW and KLL; TJP, HJW, and AS drafted the review. All authors reviewed, revised, and approved the final version submitted for publication.