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Article History

Received: 11 September 2025

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: W. Löscher is a member of the External Consultant Board of the NINDS ETSP program. He is co-founder and CSO of PrevEp, Inc. (Bethesda, MD). He has received in the past 5 years consultancy fees from Lundbeck, Angelini, Clexio, Selene, Axonis, SynapCell, Sintetica, ND Capital, Atlas Venture, Cogent Biosolutions, Ovid, Idorsia, and Addex. Pavel Klein has served as a consultant, advisory board member or speaker (2020–2025) for Abbott, Angelini Pharma, Aquestive Therapeutics, Arvelle Therapeutics, Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Dr. Reddy's, Eisai, GRIN Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Longboard Pharmaceuticals, Neurelis, Neurona Therapeutics, Paladin Pharma, SK Life Science, Sunovion, UCB Pharma, UNEEG, UniQure, and Xenon Pharma; is a member of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Neurona Therapeutics; and is a member of Medical Advisory Board of Stratus and of the Scientific Advisory Boards of OB Pharma and of NEUmirna; is the CEO of PrevEp, Inc.; and has received research support from CURE/Department of Defense and from the NIH/SBIR. H.S. White has received grant funding from Neurelis and consultant fees from BioPharm Solutions and JAZZ Pharmaceuticals, and speaker honoraria from SK Life Sciences, Takeda, and UCB Pharma. He is also co-founder of NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT.

: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current review are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: W.L.: conceptualization, writing—original draft, visualization, writing—reviewing and editing. P.K. and H.S.W.: writing—reviewing and editing. All authors reviewed and approved the final paper.