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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this manuscript.

: Conceptualization: Chen Jiang, Lirong Wang; methodology: Chen Jiang, Lang Zeng, Ying Ding, Lirong Wang; formal analysis and investigation: Chen Jiang, Zeshui Yu, Zheng Zeng; data curation: Hui Wang, Zeshui Yu, Zheng Zeng; writing—original draft: Chen Jiang; writing—review and editing: Chen Jiang, Josh Krivinko, Zeshui Yu, Robert A. Sweet, Lang Zeng, Hui Wang, Ying Ding, Zheng Zeng, Julia Kofler, Lirong Wang; supervision: Lirong Wang; all authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

: This study used deidentified electronic health records provided by Truveta. Institutional Review Board approval was waived for this retrospective analysis of deidentified data.

: Informed consent was not required as the study used deidentified data.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from Truveta under a data use agreement. These data are not publicly available due to licensing restrictions. Access to the data may be granted by Truveta upon reasonable request and subject to their data sharing policies.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.