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Article History

Received: 23 December 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2026

First Online: 7 August 2026

Declarations

Trial Sponsor: Austin Health, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Rd, Heidelberg VIC 3084.

Role of Sponsors and Funders: The study sponsors and funders are not involved in study design; collection, management and analysis of data; and writing of the manuscript.

Competing Interests: R.A.K. is on the advisory board of Psychae Institute, a non-profit psychedelic research institute. R.A.K. has received grant funding from the Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Council (U.K.), the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) and the Weary Dunlop Foundation for research on FND. R.A.K. receives royalties from Guildford Press for a book chapter on FND. J.R. has undertaken paid advisory boards for Clerkenwell Health (Past), Beckley PsyTech (Past), Delica Therapeutics (Past), and paid articles for Janssen. J.R. has received assistance for attendance at conferences from Compass Pathways (past) and Janssen. J.R. has been awarded grant funding (received and managed by King’s College London) from Compass Pathways, Beckley PsyTech, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, National Institute for Health Research, Wellcome Trust, and the Biomedical Research Centre at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. O.C. has received funding from The Perception Restoration Foundation. C.B. has received funding from the Graham Burrows Travelling Scholarship, University of Melbourne, and honoraria for FND speaking engagements by Epworth Healthcare (Australia). G.N. is a founding member and on the board of directors of the Functional Neurological Disorder Society. He is on the medical advisory boards of the charities FND Hope U.K. and FND Action. He receives research funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (U.K.).

Ethical Approval: Ethical approval for this protocol has been awarded by the Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/57390/Austin-2020). The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for participation in this study.

Consent to publish: Not applicable.

Data Availability: Relevant data have been included in the Online Resources. Further details may be provided by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Author Contributions: R.A.K. is the principal investigator and the senior researcher. C.B., O.C., G.N., D.B., S.I., S.B., S.Z., Z.A., G.O., D.M., J.R., M.B., O.D., A.B. and R.A.K. contributed to the development of the protocol. C.B., R.A.K. and Z.A. collected the data. C.B., S.B. and S.Z. developed the statistical analysis plan and conducted the analyses. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the findings. C.B. drafted the manuscript. A.B. and R.A.K. provided supervision. C.B. drafted the revisions in response to reviewer and editor comments. All authors approved the revisions and the final manuscript.