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Article History

Accepted: 13 February 2022

First Online: 17 May 2022

Declarations

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: JW and ST are funded in part by a grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS26214). DPA and PRR receive funding from The European Health Data and Evidence Network, which receives funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 806968; the Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations.

: JW is a consultant to Hoffmann-La Roche Limited for unrelated work. DPA has received grant support from Amgen, Chesi-Taylor, Novartis, and UCB Biopharma; his department has received advisory or consultancy fees from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Johnson and Johnson, and UCB Biopharma and fees for speaker services from Amgen and UCB Biopharma; Janssen, on behalf of IMI-funded EHDEN and EMIF consortiums, and Synapse Management Partners have supported training programs organized by DPA’s department and open for external participants. PRR works for a research group that has received unconditional research grants from Boehringer-Ingelheim, GSK, Janssen Research & Development, Novartis, Pfizer, Yamanouchi, and Servier. RJD has served as a principal investigator for grants from Bayer, Vertex, and Novartis to Brigham and Women’s Hospital. JMR is an employee of Janssen R&D and is a shareholder of Johnson and Johnson. ST is a consultant to Pfizer, Inc. and Merck & Co., Inc. for unrelated work.

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: JW and ST conceptualized and drafted the article. DPA, PRR, RJD, JMR, and ST critically reviewed the manuscript and provided important interpretation and critique of intellectual content. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.