France, Harrison S. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9162-2192
Aronson, Jeffrey K. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1139-655X
Heneghan, Carl http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-1992
Ferner, Robin E. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3769-1346
Cox, Anthony R. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-3440
Richards, Georgia C. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0244-5620
Article History
Accepted: 22 January 2023
First Online: 22 February 2023
Declarations
:
: No funding was obtained for this study. An Engagement and Dissemination grant (2020) and Seedcorn funding (2021) was obtained from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) School for Primary Care Research to develop the Preventable Deaths Tracker website: ExternalRef removed.
: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form atExternalRef removedand declare no support from any organization for the submitted work. HSF has received scholarships (2020–22) from Brasenose College, University of Oxford and Fidelity National Information Services for undergraduate study, from the British Pharmacological Society (2022) for meritorious performance in a research competition and received payments (2022) from Brasenose College, University of Oxford for undergraduate teaching. JKA has published papers in bioscience journals and edited textbooks on adverse drug reactions; he has often acted as an expert witness in civil actions relating to suspected adverse drug reactions and in coroners’ courts. CH holds grant funding from the NIHR, the NIHR School of Primary Care Research. CH has received expenses and fees for his media work, for teaching EBM and is also paid for his GP work in the National Health Service out of hours (contract Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust). CH is the Director of the Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. REF has undertaken research and published on adverse drug reactions and medication errors. REF has acted as an expert witness in coronial and other legal cases related to these. ARC holds grant funding from Cancer Alliance. ARC has received fees for media work, a scientific advisory committee at IQVIA, and external examinations at UK Universities. ARC is the Head of the School of Pharmacy at the University of Birmingham and is an honorary pharmacovigilance pharmacist at the West Midlands Centre for Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting. GCR is the director of a limited company that is independently contracted to work as an epidemiologist and teach at the University of Oxford. GCR received scholarships (2017–20) from the National Health Service NIHR School for Primary Care Research, the Naji Foundation, and the Rotary Foundation to study for a DPhil at the University of Oxford. The study guarantor affirms that the article is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned and registered have been explained.
: This study exclusively uses publicly available information, for which ethics committee approval is not required.
: Patient consent was not sought for this study, which exclusively used publicly available information regarding deceased individuals.
: Not applicable.
: All study materials, data, and statistical code are openly available via online repositories. The study protocol was preregistered on the OSF (ExternalRef removed); the code to generate the database and the Preventable Deaths Tracker is openly available via GitHub (ExternalRef removed); individual Prevention of Future Deaths reports are available on the Courts and Tribunals Judiciary website (ExternalRef removed); and all other study materials are openly available via the OSF project page (ExternalRef removed).
: The code to generate the database and the Preventable Deaths Tracker is openly available via GitHub (ExternalRef removed).
: HSF updated the study protocol, carried out screening of PFDs, extracted remaining data, conducted all analyses, produced all figures and tables, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. GCR conceptualized, designed, and initiated the study; provided supervisory support, and edited the first draft of the manuscript. REF and ARC contributed to the study conceptualization. CH and JKA provided supervisory support and oversight. REF and JKA provided clinical pharmacological advice and interpretation. All study authors read, contributed to, and approved the final manuscript. HSF is the guarantor. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted.