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Article History

Accepted: 29 May 2023

First Online: 16 June 2023

Declarations

:

: This work was supported by US National Institutes of Health [grant number R01AI153044], a contract from the US Food and Drug Administration and an Intergovernmental Personnel Act agreement with the US Department of Veterans Affairs.

: FA and FB declare no competing interests. MAS receives grant funding from the US National Institutes of Health and the US Food and Drug Administration and contracts from the US Department of Veterans Affairs and Janssen Research and Development. PBR, SF and MJS are employees of Janssen Research and Development and shareholders in Johnson & Johnson. GH receives grant funding from the US National Institutes of Health and the US Food and Drug Administration. DPA’s research group has received grant support from Amgen, Chesi-Taylor, Novartis, and UCB Biopharma. His department has received advisory or consultancy fees from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Johnson, and Johnson, and UCB Biopharma and fees for speaker services from Amgen and UCB Biopharma. Janssen, on behalf of IMI-funded EHDEN and EMIF consortiums, and Synapse Management Partners have supported training programmes organized by DPA's department and open for external participants organized by his department outside submitted work. FN was an employee of AstraZeneca until 2019 and owns some AstraZeneca shares. EPM, LYHL, TMA, and TDS declare no competing interests.

: This study did not require Institutional Review Board approval from data partners because it used de-identified patient data and did not constitute research with human subjects.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The data supporting the findings of this study are available at ExternalRef removed.

: The protocol and analytical code underlying this manuscript are available in the Eumaeus Repository at ExternalRef removed.

: FA, MJS, PBR, GH, DPA and MAS conceived the research. FA, MJS and MAS drafted the manuscript in consultation with EPM, TMA, LYHL, TDS, SF, FN, FB, PBR, GH, and DPA, who provided critical feedback on the research and writing. All authors read and approved the final version.