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Article History

Accepted: 9 October 2023

First Online: 12 December 2023

Declarations

:

: This study was regulatory-initiated pharmacovigilance and was funded by a research grant from the Food and Health Bureau of The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Reference COVID19F01).

: SXWQ, FWTC, LWYF, HWCK, and TTM declare that there is no conflict of interest. CB is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR UK) and Asthma and Lung UK, for work outside this study. CKHW reports the receipt of the General Research Fund, Research Grant Council, Government of Hong Kong SAR; EuroQol Research Foundation, AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim all outside the submitted work. CSLC has received grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Research Grant Council, Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, Pfizer, IQVIA, MSD, and Amgen; personal fees from Primevigilance Ltd.; outside the submitted work. FTTL has been supported by the RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship under the Hong Kong Research Grants Council and has received research grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR, outside the submitted work. XL received research grants from the Research Fund Secretariat of the Food and Health Bureau (HMRF, HKSAR), Research Grants Council Early Career Scheme (RGC/ECS, HKSAR), Janssen and Pfizer; internal funding from the University of Hong Kong; consultancy fee from Merck Sharp & Dohme, unrelated to this work. EYFW has received research grants from the Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR, and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, outside the submitted work. EWC reports grants from the Research Grants Council (RGC, Hong Kong), grants from the Research Fund Secretariat of the Food and Health Bureau, National Natural Science Fund of China, Wellcome Trust, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Amgen, Takeda, Narcotics Division of the Security Bureau of HKSAR; honorarium from Hospital Authority, outside the submitted work. ICKW reports research funding outside the submitted work from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, the Hong Kong RGC, and the Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund, National Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia, and also received speaker fees from Janssen and Medice in the previous 3 years. He is also an independent non-executive director of Jacobson Medical in Hong Kong.

: The ethic of this study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (HKU/HA HKW IRB; ethical number UW21-377). There is no participant consent included in this study.

: Non-applicable.

: Non-applicable.

: The data are provided by the Hospital Authority of HK and the Department of Health HK. The data cannot be circulated out of HK if not permitted.

: SXWQ, FWTC, ICKW, and EWYC got the concept of the study. SXWQ and FWTC analysed the data and cross-checked it. SXWQ wrote the main manuscript text and prepared all the results. HWCK, CB, and CM provided clinical interpretation. SXWQ, CSLC, EYFW, ICKW, and EWYC provided a statistical plan. ICKW and EWYC acquired the data from the Hospital Authority. All authors reviewed the manuscript.