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Article History

Accepted: 29 November 2023

First Online: 23 December 2023

Declarations

:

: At the time of her involvement in this work, Dr. Andersen was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Pharmacoepidemiology Training Program (T32 HL 139426). Dr Mehta was supported by 5K01AG070329-02 from the National Institute on Aging.

: Dr Hwang has no conflicts of interest to declare. After the completion of his involvement in this work, Dr Chang joined Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC (a Johnson & Johnson company) as a full-time employee and holds stock in Johnson & Johnson. Dr Metkus discloses the following: Consulting BestDoctors/Teladoc, royalties for textbook from McGraw-Hill, consulting Nova Biomedical, and consulting Oakstone/EBIX. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. After the completion of her involvement in this work, Dr Andersen joined Pfizer Inc. as a full-time employee. Dr Singh has no conflicts of interest to declare. Dr Alexander is past Chair and a current member of FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee; is a co-founding Principal and equity holder in Monument Analytics, a health care consultancy whose clients include the life sciences industry as well as plaintiffs in opioid litigation, for whom he has served as a paid expert witness; and is a past member of OptumRx’s National P&T Committee. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. Dr Mehta has no conflicts of interest to declare.

: The use of de-identified data does not constitute human research and, as such, does not require institutional review board approval.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: MarketScan Research Databases are available through Merative.

: Not available.

: Concept and design: Hwang, Chang, Alexander, Mehta. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Hwang, Chang, Alexander, Mehta. Drafting of the manuscript: Hwang. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Chang. Obtained funding: Mehta. Administrative, technical, or material support: Hwang, Chang, Andersen, Alexander, Mehta. Supervision: Alexander, Mehta. All authors read and approved the final version.