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Article History

Accepted: 4 September 2024

First Online: 24 September 2024

Declarations

:

: Vincent L. Chen has received grants from KOWA, Ipsen, and AstraZeneca (paid to his institution). Einar S. Bjornsson is a member of hepatic assessment committees for clinical trials organized by Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Novartis. Don C. Rockey is a member of the hepatic assessment committees for three clinical trials, one each organized by High Tide, Takeda, and Xeris. Huiman Barnhart and Jay H. Hoognagle have no conflicts of interest to report relative to this work. The authors have fully considered non-financial interests, including professional interests and personal relationships/beliefs.

: Research reported in this publication was supported by the NIDDK of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers U01DK065211 (Indiana University), U01DK065184 (University of Michigan), U01DK065201 (University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill), U01DK083020 (University of Southern California), U01DK083027 (Thomas Jefferson University/Albert Einstein Medical Center), U01DK100928 (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai), and U24DK065176 (Duke University). Additional support is provided by the intramural programs of the NIDDK and National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

: All DILIN participants provided written informed consent for enrollment, and the procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the individual DILIN sites and a Data Safety and Monitoring Board appointed by the NIDDK. MEPS protocols were approved by the Westat Institutional Review Board under a multi-project assurance granted by the Office for Protection from Research Risks. All study procedures were compliant with good clinical practice and the Declarations of Helsinki and Istanbul.

: All DILIN participants provided written informed consent for enrollment.

: Not applicable.

: Individual-level DILIN data cannot be made available due to research participant privacy restrictions. MEPS data are publicly available for download at .

: Not applicable.

: VLC: Data collection, data analysis, drafting of the manuscript. DCR: Data analysis, critical review of the manuscript. HB: Data analysis, critical review of the manuscript. ESB: Data analysis, critical review of the manuscript. JHH: Study conceptualization, data collection, data analysis, critical review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.