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Article History

Accepted: 27 January 2025

First Online: 21 February 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted under the SAPhIRE Project, funded by a Strategic Positioning Fund grant from the Biomedical Research Council of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (SPF2014/001).

: The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. The view expressed in this article are the authors’ personal views and may not be understood or quoted as being made on behalf or reflect the positions of HSA, NUH and NUS.

: No ethics approval was required for this study.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All data were processed and analysed using Python 3.8. The code developed for this study can be made available for research purposes upon justified request. Interested researchers should contact the corresponding author via email, providing a concise outline of their intended use for the code.

: The models developed in this study were trained on confidential clinical data. To protect patient privacy and prevent potential information leakage, the trained models cannot be made available.

: The MIMIC-III database [, ], an open-source resource utilised in this study, is available through Google Cloud Platform (GCP) and Amazon Web Services (AWS). To facilitate access, investigators are required to append the appropriate cloud identifier to their PhysioNet profile. More information is provided on the official MIMIC-III website ().

: YL Koon, YT Lam and SR Dorajoo designed the research and models and did the computational framework to analyse the data. PS Ang, CWP Loke, MY Tham, SH Tan, SBL Soh, BPQ Foo, DCH Teo and SR Dorajoo provided the domain expertise for manual annotation of discharge summaries and developed the list of trigger words, short forms and acronyms. HX Tan, DCH Teo, JW Neo, AJY Yap and PS Ang participated in discussions and refined the results. ZJ Ling and JWL Yip coordinated the provision of NUH data and participated in discussions. All authors read and approved the final version of this manuscript.