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Article History

Accepted: 13 February 2025

First Online: 4 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The current research was supported by a statutory subsidy for young scientist-students at the Doctoral School of Poznan University of Medical Sciences. Approval was granted by the Grant Evaluation Committee, as documented under SDUM-DGB 14/05/22 on 5 May 2022.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not appliable. The institutional review board of Poznan University of Medical Sciences reviewed the research protocol and exempted it from approval requirements on 12 November 2021 owing to its observational nature. Data extraction consent was obtained from Erowid’s authority (no. 303256).

: Not appliable. The study used publicly available data, with no involvement of human or animal subjects or medical procedures, so consent for participation was not required.

: Not applicable.

: All data related to our study can be requested from the corresponding author, and additional data are provided in the supplementary materials.

: Relevant programming codes are provided as supplementary materials.

: Conceptualization was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam, Riccardo Lora, Marek Motyka, Jerzy Moczko, Manal Younus, and Michal Michalak. Data curation was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam, Riccardo Lora, Erica Marletta, Michele Vezzaro, and Michal Michalak. Formal analysis was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam, Manal Younus, and Michal Michalak. Funding acquisition was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam and Michal Michalak. Investigation was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam and Michal Michalak. Methodology was designed by Ahmed Al-Imam, Riccardo Lora, Erica Marletta, Michele Vezzaro, and Michal Michalak. Project administration was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam. Resources were secured by Ahmed Al-Imam, Riccardo Lora, Marek Motyka, Erica Marletta, Michele Vezzaro, Manal Younus, and Michal Michalak. Ahmed Al-Imam, Riccardo Lora, Erica Marletta, Michele Vezzaro, and Michal Michalak were responsible for software. Supervision was carried out by Manal Younus and Michal Michalak. Validation was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam and Michal Michalak. Visualization was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam and Michal Michalak. Writing—original draft was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam, Marek Motyka, Jerzy Moczko, Manal Younus, and Michal Michalak Writing—review and editing was carried out by Ahmed Al-Imam, Marek Motyka, and Michal Michalak. All authors read and approved of the final version.