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Article History

Accepted: 10 April 2025

First Online: 10 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was funded by a Foundation Scheme grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-143328). The funding bodies had no influence on the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

: L.A. received speaking and consulting fees from Pfizer, Roche and Boehringer Ingelheim for work unrelated to this project; other authors declare that they have no competing interests or relationships that could have appeared to influence the submitted work. L.A. is an editorial Board member of Drug Safety. L.A. was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor in any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

: The study protocol was approved by the Research Data Governance of the CPRD (Protocol 23_003631) and by the McGill University ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: This study is based on data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink obtained under license from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The data are provided by patients and collected by the UK National Health Service as part of their care and support. The interpretation and conclusions contained in this study are those of the author/s alone. Because electronic health records are classified as “sensitive data” by the UK Data Protection Act, information governance restrictions (to protect patient confidentiality) prevent data sharing via public deposition. Data are available with approval through the individual constituent entities controlling access to the data. Specifically, the primary care data can be requested via application to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink ().

: Codes may be made privately available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

: S.R., L.A. and H.Y. were involved in the conception, design, conduct of study, analysis and interpretation of the results. O.Y. and M.P. were involved in the design, analysis, and interpretation of the results. S.R. wrote the manuscript. All authors edited, reviewed, approved the final version of the manuscript, and are accountable for its accuracy. L.A. acquired the data and supervised the study.