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Article History

Accepted: 16 April 2025

First Online: 15 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was supported by a grant from the Institute of Statistical Mathematics.

: Shinichi Matsuda is employed by Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Manabu Akazawa has received consulting fees and honoraria from Astellas Pharma Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Shionogi & Co., Ltd, GSK, and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Mihoko Ota was employed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd before the submission of this work. Hiroaki Oka is employed by Shionogi & Co., Ltd. Naoki Nitani is employed by CMIC HealthCare Institute Co., Ltd. Naho Yakuwa, Mikako Goto, Kunihiko Takahashi, Tatsuhiko Anzai, Sachi Koinuma, Izumi Fujioka, Yoriko Miura, Tomiko Tawaragi, and Atsuko Murashima have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: This study received ethical approval from the ethics committee of the National Center for Child Health and Development under ethical review number 2020–005.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The data supporting this study’s findings are not openly available due to sensitivity reasons but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: All authors contributed to the study conceptualization and design. Naho Yakuwa, Mikako Goto, Sachi Koinuma, Izumi Fujioka, Yoriko Miura, and Atsuko Murashima contributed to the data acquisition. Shinichi Matsuda, Naho Yakuwa, Mikako Goto, Manabu Akazawa, Kunihiko Takahashi, Tatsuhiko Anzai, and Tomiko Tawaragi performed the data analysis. All authors contributed to the data interpretation, drafting, and revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.