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Article History

Accepted: 13 May 2025

First Online: 27 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is part of the ongoing population-based Rotterdam Study. The Rotterdam Study is funded by the Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam.

: The authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.

: Datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available owing to legal and ethical restraints but are available upon reasonable request. Requests can be directed to secretariat.epi@erasmusmc.nl, or visit the following website for more information . Sharing of individual participant data was not included in the informed consent of the study, and there is a potential risk of revealing participants’ identities as it is not possible to completely anonymize the data.

: The Rotterdam Study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Erasmus MC (registration no. MEC 02.1015) and by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Population Screening Act WBO, license no. 1071272-159521-PG). The Rotterdam Study Personal Registration Data collection is filed with the Erasmus MC Data Protection Officer under registration no. EMC1712001. The Rotterdam Study has been entered into the Dutch Trial Register (NTR; ) and into the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP , search portal ) under shared cat. no. NL6645/NTR6831. The Rotterdam Study project persistent identifier is .

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: A.E.—methodology, data analysis, data interpretation, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing), and visualization. S.L.—methodology, data interpretation, and writing (review and editing). B.S.—methodology, acquisition of data, interpretation of data, and writing (review and editing). L.V.—conceptualization, methodology, interpretation of data, and writing (review and editing). R.R.—conceptualization, methodology, interpretation of data, and writing (review and editing). All authors read and approved the final version.

: All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study and to have their data utilized for research activities.