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Article History

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This work was part of Daniele Sartori’s DPhil in Evidence-Based Medicine at the University of Oxford. The DPhil is funded by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre. The funding body exerted no undue influence on the study throughout its conduct or design. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Uppsala Monitoring Centre.

: Jeffrey K. Aronson has written and edited articles and textbooks on adverse drug reactions, including Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs (16th edition, 2016), its companion volumes the Side Effects of Drugs Annuals, and Stephens' Detection and Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions (6th edition, 2011). Daniele Sartori, Judith S. Brand, Oskar Gauffin, Sara Hedfors Vidlin and Igho J. Onakpoya have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article. G. Niklas Norén is an Editorial Board member of Drug Safety. G. Niklas Norén was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

: This research relied on previously collected, anonymised, non-National Health Service data. As such, ethics approval was not required.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Research data on the included studies in the published scoping review are available here . For the specifics of the studies in this research, please refer to the ESM.

: The R code used to produce the figures is available upon request.

: DS, IJO, NN and JKA conceptualised the study. DS undertook the data collection and analysis, and was supervised by IJO, JKA and NN. DS, JSB, OG and SHV contributed to the data visualisation and provided input for the data analysis. All authors have contributed to the original draft and to the revision of subsequent versions of the manuscript, and have read and approved the final version.