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Article History

Accepted: 15 July 2025

First Online: 2 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Open access funding provided by SCELC, Statewide California Electronic Library Consortium. This work was supported by a training grant from the U.S. National Library of Medicine (UOG and KLB: T15-LM007079). NPT, UOG, MZ and KLB are funded by National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM131905). The study funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of a funder.

: Nicholas Tatonetti is an Editorial Board member of Drug Safety. Nicholas Tatonetti was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor in any of the subsequent editorial decisions. The authors have no other competing interests to declare.

: Not applicable as the data in this study do not rely on patient data but instead the use of publicly available structured product labels.

: Not applicable as the data in this study did not require the participation of patients.

: Not applicable as this study does not involve research on human subjects.

: Data used in this study can be found at:

: Code used for our analysis is available on GitHub:

: All authors had full access to the data in the study. They take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the analysis and have approved the final manuscript. Concept and design: all authors. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: all authors. Drafting and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors. Obtained funding: NPT, Supervision: NPT.