Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Bea, Sungho https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2622-6553
Patorno, Elisabetta
Hahn, Georg
Paik, Julie M.
Wexler, Deborah J.
Bykov, Katsiaryna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3336-5412
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Health (K01AG068365)
American Diabetes Association (1-25-PDF-66)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 2 July 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
:
: EP is principal investigator of a research grant to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Boehringer Ingelheim, not related to the topic of this work. EP receives royalties from UpToDate. DJW reports consultancy for Novo Nordisk and serving as a data monitoring committee member for SOUL and FLOW trials. The remaining authors have no relevant conflicts of interests to disclose.
: Ethical approval was obtained from the Brigham and Women's Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 2020P003686).
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Patient-level data are not available for sharing due to data use agreements. Definitions and aggregate data are provided in the Supplement. Code and protocol are available from the corresponding author upon request.
: Not applicable.
: KB conceptualized the study. KB, SB, and EP designed the study. GH provided statistical input and contributed to methodology. SB performed data curation and statistical analysis. All authors interpreted the data. SB and KB drafted the manuscript. EP, GH, JMP, and DJW critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.
