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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 19 October 2025

First Online: 6 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Professor Sir Munir Pirmohamed is an editorial board member of Drug Safety but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.He currently receives partnership funding, paid to the University of Liverpool, for the MRC Medicines Development Fellowship Scheme (co-funded by MRC and GSK, AZ, Optum and Hammersmith Medicines Research). He has developed an HLA genotyping panel with MC Diagnostics but does not benefit financially from this. He is part of the IMI Consortium ARDAT (www.ardat.org); none of these of funding sources have been used for the current research. All other authors have no conflicting interest to declare.

: All data used in the study was publicly available – ethics approval is not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Historical data for the results in Sect. is publicly available and was collected from the FAERS database. Information on the CRESCENDDI reference dataset can be found in [ ].

: The current version of the code for the algorithm described in this paper is available at

: Conceptualisation: SM. Methodology and implementation: SM, MB. Processing of FAERS and CRESCENDDI data: YZ, writing—first draft presentation: MB. Review and editing SM, MB, MP, EK. All authors have read and approved the final version.