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Article History

Received: 11 June 2025

Accepted: 23 October 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Nicole Pratt is an Editorial Board member of Drug Safety. Nicole Pratt was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. RA was supported by a Summer Vacation Research Scholarship from Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia. This research received no other specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The funding source had no such involvement or restrictions regarding publication of this research.

: Ethics approval was not required as all data used in this study are publicly available aggregate data.

: All authors were responsible for formulating the research questions, designing the study, and writing. RA and JJ conducted the study and analysed data. LKE, NP and MW reviewed manuscript drafts and all authors read and approved the final version.

: RA and JJ had complete access to the study data and ongoing access is provided publicly by Services Australia and the Therapeutic Goods Administration.

: Data is freely and publicly accessible via the Database of Adverse Event Notifications (DAEN)—medicines ( ), The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme Section 85—Date of Supply Data, Services Australia Medicare statistics ( ) and the Therapeutic Goods Administration Medicine Shortages Database ( ).

: Not applicable. This study used publicly and freely available aggregate data.

: Not applicable. This study does not contain individual-level data.

: Code, including that for the interrupted time series analysis, is available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.