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Article History

Received: 6 June 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 13 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. All authors have fully considered the journal’s policy on competing interests and have nothing to disclose.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University Hospital (approval number: 202204026RINB). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified administrative data.

: Not applicable. Informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board due to the retrospective design and use of anonymized data.

: Not applicable.

: The population-based health insurance data used in this study were provided by the Taiwan National Health Insurance Administration and accessed through the Health and Welfare Data Science Center. The data contain potentially identifying information and are therefore not publicly available. Access is restricted to investigators who obtain appropriate approvals.

: The analytical code used in this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Meng LC, Lai HY, Chuang HM and Hsiao FY designed the study. Meng LC, Chen LK and Hsiao FY drafted and prepared the manuscript. Chen HM analyzed the data. Meng LC, Chen LK and Hsiao FY provided critical methodological input. Meng LC, Lai HY, Chuang HM and Hsiao FY contributed to the statistical and clinical interpretation of the results. All authors revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content, read, and approved the final version of the manuscript.