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Article History

Received: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

:

: OS, DO, HS, SG, and HY are GSK employees and hold financial equities in GSK. SDR receives funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Genentech, and consults for Alexion. AAR, HL, YYC, AJ, and KR have no conflicts to disclose.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Maryland, Baltimore (HP-00083509).

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The data generated in this study are not publicly available. The data were obtained under a data use agreement with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and cannot be made publicly available.

: Not applicable.

: All authors read and approved the final version. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the data and critical review of the manuscript for intellectual content. The concept and design involved SdR, OMS, and HS. Data acquisition and data preparation were performed by SdR, Y-YC, AA-R, HL, KR, and AJ. Statistical analyses were performed by SdR, Y-YC, AA-R, and DO. Drafting of the manuscript was performed by SdR, Y-YC, AA-R, and HL.