Document is current

Article History

Received: 31 March 2026

Accepted: 7 June 2026

First Online: 13 July 2026

Declarations

:

: M.P. currently receives partnership funding, paid to the University of Liverpool, for the MRC Medicines Development Fellowship Scheme (co-funded by MRC and GSK, AZ, Optum and Hammersmith Medicines Research). He has developed an HLA genotyping panel with MC Diagnostics but does not benefit financially from this. He is part of the IMI Consortium ARDAT ( ); none of these funding sources have been used for the current research. M.P. is an Editorial Board member of Drug Safety . M.P. was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor in any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

: RK supervised the study and conceived the concept in concert with MS and MP. RK and MS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. RK and MS conducted the analyses. RK, MS, EALO and MP critically revised the manuscript and made important intellectual contributions. The corresponding author (RK) attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. All authors read and approved the final version.

: The study protocol was approved by the School of Biomedical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee, Makerere University (SBS-2022-262) and Uganda’s National Council for Science and Technology (HS3364ES).

: All participants provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The data that support the findings are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

: The code used in data extraction and analysis is available upon reasonable request.