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Authors
Gut, Stephan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7292-3101
Rauch, Marlene https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8985-654X
Gaertner, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-3164
Jick, Susan S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2215-1067
Meier, Christoph R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7120-6378
Spoendlin, Julia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-1928
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Basel
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Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 21 June 2026
First Online: 31 July 2026
Declarations
Conflicts of interest: Susan Jick and Christoph Meier are Editorial Board members of Drug Safety . Susan Jick and Christoph Meier were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor in any of the subsequent editorial decisions. SG, MR, JG, and JS do not report any conflicts of interest.
Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee for MHRA database research (protocol no: 21_000359). The protocol was made available to the journal reviewers upon request.
Consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent to publication: Not applicable.
Availability of data and material: This study is based on data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink obtained under license from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The data are provided by patients and collected by the National Health Service as part of their care and support. The interpretation and conclusions contained in this study are those of the authors alone. Due to the terms of our license, we cannot make data available to others; however, researchers can request data directly from the CPRD.
Code availability: Codes of outcomes are provided in the Electronic Supplementary Material. Other codes (including statistical codes) can be provided upon request.
Authors’ contributions: SG: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, visualization, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing. MR: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, writing—review and editing. JG: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing. CM: conceptualization, project administration, supervision, writing—review and editing. JS: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, project administration, supervision, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
