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Article History

Accepted: 31 October 2023

First Online: 16 December 2023

Declarations

:

: Nikolaos Christidis had the main idea for the article. However, all authors contributed to the study conception and design. Nikolaos Christidis, Malin Collin, and Essam Ahmed Al-Moraissi performed the literature search with help from the university library at Karolinska Institutet. Selection of papers was performed by Malin Collin and Golnaz Barjandi. Analysis of risk of bias was performed by Johanna Svedenlöf and Maria Christidis. Maria Christidis is a senior lecturer and responsible for the course “Scientific theory and methods” and teaches specifically about the different methods existing for risk of bias and certainty of evidence. Further, both Nikolaos Christidis and Essam Al-Moraissi are very experienced in carrying out systematic reviews and have, together with Maria Christidis, double checked all parts of the assessment of risk of bias and certainty of evidence. Data were analyzed by Essam Al-Moraissi. Nikolaos Christidis, Maria Christidis, Malin Collin, and Hajer Jasim drafted the first manuscript that was critically revised by all authors, who commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version manuscript.

: Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute.

: Authors Nikolaos Christidis, Essam Ahmed Al-Moraissi, Golnaz Barjandi, Johanna Svedenlöf, Hajer Jasim, Maria Christidis, and Malin Collin declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.