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Article History

Accepted: 16 March 2025

First Online: 20 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Open access funding provided by the Carolinas Consortium.

: AR is employed by and SR was previously employed by Pharmazz Inc., Willowbrook, IL, USA, the manufacturer of centhaquine citrate. AG is employed by Pharmazz, Inc. and has issued and pending patents related to the studies described in this review. AKK consults for Pharmazz Inc., Medtronic, Edwards Life Sciences, Trevenna Pharmaceuticals, Philips Research North America, GE Healthcare, Potrero Medical, Retia Medical, and Caretaker Medical and has previously consulted for La Jolla Pharmaceuticals; his previous institution received grant funding from La Jolla Pharmaceuticals for the Angiotensin II in High Output Shock Trial. DB consults for Pharmazz Inc., Viatris, AOP Pharma, Edwards Life Sciences, and Philips. MO has received research funding from Baxter and bioMérieux. ML is supported by grant R01-GM151494-01 and R01DK139484-01 from the National Institutes of Health. All other authors have declared "No Conflict of Interest". 

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Conceptualization and design: ML, AKK, AG, DB, MO, JV, AR, and SR. Visualization: ML. Writing – original draft: AKR, ML, SR, and DB. Writing – review and editing: AR, ML, DB, AG, MO, JV, SR, and AKK. All authors have read, agreed, and approved the final manuscript.